Lexicon

two new, two key 两重两新 liǎngzhòngliǎngxīn

Ever rising in Beijing's push to raise consumption, ‘two new’, referring to large-scale equipment upgrades and consumer trade-ins, ranked among the top ten 2024 domestic media buzzwords. Xi, in February 2024, introduced this as a ‘new round’ of upgrades and trade-ins; though newly coined, the term is essentially an amalgamation and ramp-up of the 2009 home appliance trade-ins and 2016 equipment upgrade scheme. ‘Two new’ is commonly paired with ‘two key’ as in 两新两重, a shortening for key strategic projects and capacity building in key security sectors. The two concepts underscore a growing priority to boost consumption and investment towards high-tech and advanced manufacturing to speed up the industrial upgrade and economic transition.

17 Apr 2025

'1992 Consensus' ‘九二共识' jiǔèr gòngshí

The '1992 Consensus' is an understanding purportedly reached between delegates of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC, Taiwan) at talks in Hong Kong in 1992. The primary offering from Beijing of 'one China' had been made previously; what it meant has remained contentious.

While the initial ambiguity of the 'consensus' made dialogue between Beijing and Taipei easier, especially during the KMT-led governments from 2008 to 2016, it has become increasingly unworkable. For example, in 2019, Tsai Ing-wen 蔡英文 equated it with ‘One Country, Two Systems’. Its interpretation and acceptance are now significant points of contention in cross-strait relations, particularly as Taiwan's domestic politics and regional geopolitics have shifted.

19 Nov 2024

sanming healthcare reform 三明医改 sānmíng yīgǎi

A healthcare reform mode originating in 2012, when insurance funds in Fujian’s Sanming City province dealt with issues threatening localities nationwide such as

health insurance funds in deficit
state finances declining to cover the shortfall
the public hit by crippling medical costs
doctors paid low salaries

Medicine prices and healthcare costs fell citywide. Insurance fund deficits were curbed, with surpluses for years in a row. Service fees were raised, rewarding skills. Total salaries paid out in 2013 rose from C¥ 382 mn to 2.0 bn 2011–22.

With a growing elderly population straining healthcare insurance, State Council reiterated the need for Sanming-style reform on 6 June 2024.

07 Oct 2024

institutional opening 制度型开放 zhìdù xíng kāifàng

Since its first mention at the 2018 Central Economic Work Conference, ‘institutional opening’ has risen as a trade and development priority for Beijing. Referring to ‘behind-the-border’ opening, addressing non-tariff barriers, and improving standards and policies beyond its WTO commitments, it is now frequently spotlighted in high-level conclaves such as Two Sessions and the Third Plenum.

Against shifts in geopolitics and emerging trade trends, ‘institutional opening’ is turning into the process whereby Beijing is renegotiating and rewriting trade rules with the world. Much exploration and trial-and-error is in train. While advanced trade rules like CPTPP (Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership) guide some reform efforts at home, Beijing is also championing norms-setting agendas of its own as a counterweight, not least via friendly bilateral initiatives and regional pacts such as BRI (Belt and Road Initiative) and RCEP (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership). Action is also underway to test new ‘institutional opening’ rules via the country’s many special zones, such as the FTZs (free trade zones).

29 Sep 2024

nuclear development three-step strategy 核能发展 ‘三步走’ 战略 hénéng fāzhǎn sān bù zǒu zhànlǔe

Proposed in 1983, the Three-Step Strategy envisaged thermal neutron reactors, fast reactors and controlled nuclear fusion as core tech in the PRC nuclear strategy. Viewed as an alternate baseload power for coal, the buildout is speeding up as it aims to decarbonise and become a global nuclear powerhouse. The domestically developed Hualong One, a breakthrough for PRC industry, is now the go-to model for most new reactors. Fast (read: more efficient) reactors are meanwhile being built. A state-owned company has been set up to develop nuclear fusion, aiming to build an industrial prototype of an ‘artificial sun’ fusion reactor by 2035.

30 Jul 2024

new three 新三样 xīn sānyàng

Fresh export drivers, the ‘new three’ (lithium batteries, solar PV cells and EVs) earned their buzz-term status in 2023. Green industries nurtured domestically for years, their exports totalled over C¥1 tn in 2023, up some 30 percent y-o-y and claiming the PRC’s dominant position globally. Already heading for 5 percent of export value, the ‘new three’ hold pole position in future export growth, set to overtake the ‘old three’–clothing, furniture and appliances. Their success burnishes Beijing’s green credentials.

31 May 2024

'jiwa' parenting 鸡娃 jīwá

In Chinese slang, jiwa directly translates as 'chicken baby.' This colloquial term describes the trend of parents excessively urging their children to achieve academic and extracurricular excellence from very young. It indicates the undue pressure placed on children, including those not exceptionally talented, to attain significant accomplishments, reminiscent of 'hot-housing' or 'tiger parenting.' This reflects the high expectations and fierce competitiveness prevalent in modern Chinese educational culture.

29 Nov 2023