Since 2021, the low-altitude economy, with drones as one of its core platforms, has been steadily elevated into a nationally championed strategic industry. Civilian drone operation is, at the same time, ever more strictly regulated. The 2024 'Interim regulations on the flight management of unmanned Aircraft', set up real-name registration, operator certification, mandatory liability insurance and flight approval.
Free Trade Zone (FTZ) offshore bonds, nicknamed ‘pearl bonds’ in their first incarnation, are bonds with a twist: issued inside the zone, registered and cleared by PRC institutions, yet governed by international rules and ringfenced from the domestic financial system. In law and in function they behave like bonds issued abroad; in geography they stay grounded in Shanghai.
Through 2024 and 2025 the mood ran the other way. In late 2024 Zhou Hanmin 周汉民 CPPCC standing committee member, argued that the virtual economy held 'infinite potential', with the metaverse and tokenised assets as its next frontier. It grew more exuberant through 2025: a second-year equity rally, an AI build-out, and a rush to turn data and real-world assets into financeable claims.
A companion brief, Hormuz tests the PRC petrochemical build-out, argued that the PRC has won the low-end bet but that the most advanced materials are not yet within reach. The petrochemical sector in the PRC is really two industries, and Beijing's drive into advanced materials is widening the gap between them.